III. "Participatory Action Research"
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Participatory action research is a more time-consuming but more mutually rewarding form of research than the more superficial type to which the general guidelines refer. In participatory action research, the researcher and community actively collaborate on all aspects of the research process in ways designed to benefit both. Although this takes considerable time and energy for both the community and the researcher, we strongly recommend it, particularly for extensive projects that will in any case engage the time of community members. This is particularly valuable when the research is taking place in the context of potential mistrust or in sensitive conditions.⁵

1. Each collaboration will be different, depending on the particular community, researcher, and research project. Researchers need to work with the community to determine what THEY need to know. Researchers will also need to think of ways their research will help the community. Note that it is sometimes difficult for a community to know exactly what its needs are and/or what information they will want back at the end.
   
   
2. Negotiate the terms of collaboration BEFORE the project begins. Bring the different stakeholders to the table to discuss this issue. This process is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. It can also be time-consuming and contested, but time put in at the beginning will build trust later. Be prepared to change the entire shape of your project. The negotiation should include who has control of the final product and what kind of compensation the community will receive.
   
   
3. The community should outline its priorities and determine whether it would be useful to them to embark on a collaborative project with outside researchers. They also should determine the focus of the research and the process of data collection and interpretation. Conducting research on a particular topic can provide an opportunity for reflection. The research can provide useful information that a group can use for advocacy. Research can also inspire action. Reciprocity and collaboration are easier when the community treats research as a venue for reflection, advocacy, and action rather then simply as an academic endeavor.
   
   
4. The community should play a major role in defining the methodology for data collection and analysis. The community itself is in the best position to assess these issues. The researcher should consult and work with the community on all interview schedules and other approaches.
   
   
5. Openly discuss how differences in power and position may affect the collaboration.
   
   
6. Work collaboratively on analysis and interpretation.
   
   
7. The academic researcher should try to co-author work with at least one member of the community.
   
   
8. What the researcher writes should be understandable and useful to the community.
   

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